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The are myriad reasons why surname spelling changed, with no firm rules. If you look at the Tithe lists of the 1820s and Griffiths valuations of the 1850s you will find a spead of spellings including Cain, Caine, Cane, Kain, Kaine, Kane, Keane & Keane, yet by 1901 census. it was largely Keane in southern Ireland & Kane in Northern Ireland, with the other spellings out of fashion.
You will even find the same family recorded in the parish registers as "Kean", in the Tithes as "Kain" and in Griffiths as "Keane.
In the case of someone who emigrated, one must consider the possibility that they were disguising Irish Catholic origins. But in the timeframe you mention, well after Catholic got the vote in 1829 (well, rich landowning Catholics anyway) Catholic could enter the British service. The Penal Codes of the 1700s had been swept away by then.
We have numerous instances of name changes in the family history provided by members of the Cain DNA project. Just look at how most Cain project sub-groups at www.familytreedna.com/public/Cain-Caine, most surname spellings are represented.
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